Genetic testing for cancer allows oncologists to examine changes in the body and understand what drives a particular cancer’s growth. Physicians can design treatment plans tailored to each patient’s unique biology based on genetic testing results. This approach, known as personalized or precision oncology, has transformed how many cancers are diagnosed, treated, and monitored. Learn more about the role of genetic testing in personalized oncology treatments.
Types of Testing
Oncologists use several types of genetic tests, and each one provides a different kind of insight into a patient’s cancer. Your oncology specialist will help you determine which approach is best for your testing needs. Germline, somatic, NGS, and liquid biopsy testing are available options.
Germline Testing
This test usually requires a blood or saliva sample. It identifies inherited mutations, such as changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or those linked to Lynch syndrome.
Somatic Testing
This is also called tumor testing and analyzes DNA taken directly from cancer cells. These genetic changes develop during a person’s lifetime and are not passed down to children. Somatic testing helps physicians identify the specific mutations that fuel a tumor’s growth.
Next-generation Sequencing (NGS)
Rather than testing for one mutation at a time, NGS panels can screen dozens or even hundreds of genes. NGS offers a more complete picture of the tumor’s genetic profile.
Liquid Biopsy
A testing type that detects fragments of tumor DNA circulating in the bloodstream. This option may be used when a tissue biopsy is difficult to obtain or to track how a cancer changes.
Purpose of Genetic Testing
Genetic testing’s primary goal is to identify molecular features of tumors so physicians select appropriate care. Alterations in the HER2 gene in breast cancer, among other mutations, may be treated with targeted therapies. Testing also helps determine whether a patient is likely to respond to immunotherapy practices.
Benefits of Testing
Genetic testing gives patients and their care teams information that helps shape decisions at every stage of treatment. By understanding the biology of a specific tumor, oncologists can recommend therapies with a greater likelihood of success while avoiding those that are unlikely to help. Key benefits include:
- More precise treatment selection, which matches patients with therapies that target the specific mutations driving their cancer
- Reduced exposure to ineffective treatments, which may help patients avoid unnecessary side effects and delays in care
- Access to clinical trials that evaluate emerging therapies for specific genetic profiles
- Improved risk awareness for patients and relatives who may carry inherited mutations
- Ongoing disease monitoring, as repeat testing can reveal new mutations that may signal treatment resistance
Genetic testing allows patients more knowledge of their care options. Physicians and oncologists can tailor treatment procedures that will be most likely to yield results.
Visit an Oncology Specialist
If you have received a cancer diagnosis or have a family history of cancer, consider scheduling a consultation with an oncology specialist. A thorough evaluation can help you understand your options and risks of cancer while ensuring your care reflects the unique characteristics of your disease. Personalized treatment begins with the right information, and an oncology specialist will guide you through each step.
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